January 31, 2012

mtDNA of domestic horses: Ancestral Mare ~130-160 thousand years old

The paper is open access.


PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111637109

Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication

Alessandro Achilli et al.

Archaeological and genetic evidence concerning the time and mode of wild horse (Equus ferus) domestication is still debated. High levels of genetic diversity in horse mtDNA have been detected when analyzing the control region; recurrent mutations, however, tend to blur the structure of the phylogenetic tree. Here, we brought the horse mtDNA phylogeny to the highest level of molecular resolution by analyzing 83 mitochondrial genomes from modern horses across Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas. Our data reveal 18 major haplogroups (A–R) with radiation times that are mostly confined to the Neolithic and later periods and place the root of the phylogeny corresponding to the Ancestral Mare Mitogenome at ∼130–160 thousand years ago. All haplogroups were detected in modern horses from Asia, but F was only found in E. przewalskii—the only remaining wild horse. Therefore, a wide range of matrilineal lineages from the extinct E. ferus underwent domestication in the Eurasian steppes during the Eneolithic period and were transmitted to modern E. caballus breeds. Importantly, now that the major horse haplogroups have been defined, each with diagnostic mutational motifs (in both the coding and control regions), these haplotypes could be easily used to (i) classify well-preserved ancient remains, (ii) (re)assess the haplogroup variation of modern breeds, including Thoroughbreds, and (iii) evaluate the possible role of mtDNA backgrounds in racehorse performance.

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1 comment:

Unknown said...

Hmm curious

The main expansions are indeed post Neolithic. But some significant expansions looks to be very early neolithic (9kya or earlier), And there are very significant expansions that predate the neolithic.

Origin ~ 150k

Minor ~ Europe/Asia expansion in 75-85kya. Not sure what this is due to, climate change maybe?

A series of Eurasian expansions in the 20-40kya regions. Including a possible 40 kya Northern European(3blue)/Southern European(green/brown) separation. Humans certainly knew about horses in the period (eg Peche Merle paintings) if only as prey.

13-9 kya. The end of the ice age and the opening up of fresh land?

6 and 3-4 kya the major expansions post neolithic as expected. Likely the horse cultures.