tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post2680808753193919211..comments2024-01-04T04:11:55.717+02:00Comments on Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog: Ancient DNA: what 2013 has broughtDienekeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02082684850093948970noreply@blogger.comBlogger45125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-86261296015642829912014-01-14T20:44:03.507+02:002014-01-14T20:44:03.507+02:00It's a pity Jules doesn't reply. It would ...It's a pity Jules doesn't reply. It would be interesting to know if the people around Ferrara are indeed Tuscan-like, or if his mother had brought in some central or south Italian admixture. I know some good reasons why the former might be true.Simon_Whttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04454497745874406294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-31883657742331114392014-01-09T00:57:22.899+02:002014-01-09T00:57:22.899+02:00"I've never quite understood the fascinia..."I've never quite understood the fasciniation for genealogy that some people have. In my opinion it suffices to know where your 8 great-grandparents were from. Or your 16 g.g-grandparents at most". <br /><br />Exactly. In fact at a generous 25 years a generation in 500 years you have over a million ancestors. Of course some of these will be repeats, and represent a level of inbreeding, but if humans have as many as 100,000 genes (probably a great overestimate) you have no genes from over 90% of those ancestors. five hundred years is not a particularly long time really. terrythttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17327062321100035888noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-47388338268848688482014-01-08T21:46:09.907+02:002014-01-08T21:46:09.907+02:00Face it: R1 lines are a European mirror for Ancien...Face it: R1 lines are a European mirror for Ancient North Eurasian. Which makes sense, because we have clear evidence that the R lines are Ancient, north, and Eurasian. YEs ! R1b is about 40000 years in western Europe , there is no recent invasion because no mixed R1a-R1b the geographical split is extremely old before the ice age I see many stupidities about cooper age indo europeans etc.. non sens ! Anonymoushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/15909257725372070621noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-76749320981209586942014-01-06T21:18:22.619+02:002014-01-06T21:18:22.619+02:00Jules, we're getting off the thread topic, I h...Jules, we're getting off the thread topic, I hope Dienekes bends the rules...<br /><br />Distant roots of a certain lineage, e.g. of your purely male line of descent, hardly matter genetically. If you go back just five generations, to one of your g.g.g-grandparents, then that ancestor is just one of 32 g.g.g.-grandparents. On average he or she would have given you 1/32 of your DNA. This number would halve with every additional generation backwards. So you see, it's negligible. For this reason I've never quite understood the fasciniation for genealogy that some people have. In my opinion it suffices to know where your 8 great-grandparents were from. Or your 16 g.g-grandparents at most.<br /><br />Northern European influence in Italy isn't abnormal at all. Every Italian has a decent bit of it, except for the Sardinians. Ötzi the Iceman didn't yet have it. So apparently it arrived later with tribes which came from central Europe. So in all likelyhood you don't have to consider recent northern European ancestry to account for this. But we don't have to guess, you can compare your percentage number with the averages of the various Italian subpopulations in the spreadsheet of the calculator (at least Dodecad does have spreadsheets), or you can look if the associated oracle suggests some admixture from a northern population.<br /><br />I think you confuse admixture components and populations. Tuscans, Greeks and Northern Italians are populations. Caucasus on the other hand is an admixture component that's part of some calculators. The populations from the Caucasus are indicated more precisely with their name. So a calculator may tell you how much percent of the Caucasus component you've got. In a second step you can analyse your values with the associated oracle which compares them to populations and mixtures thereof.<br /><br />The biggest difference between northern, central and southern Italy is, that the Caucasus component is comparatively weak in the north and gets constantly stronger towards the south. Associated with it is the West Asian component of other calculators.<br /><br />A Jewish-like component in an oracle result really doesn't mean that you're part Jewish. Especially the Ashkenazi Jews are rather similar to southern Italians and Sicilians. According to the Dodecad K12b oracle they're like a blend of 88% Sicilians + 12% Samaritians. This near eastern shift of more southerly parts of Italy is the result of ancient contacts with Eastern Mediterranean and near Eastern peoples.<br /><br />If I may ask, where is your mother's family from?Simon_Whttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04454497745874406294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-76792630838551277642014-01-04T06:51:47.327+02:002014-01-04T06:51:47.327+02:00Simon, I learned a lot in the two posts you have u...Simon, I learned a lot in the two posts you have up. Many things are making sense. My father's family is from near Ferrara in Emilia-Romagna. They originated in Tuscany very long ago from what I understand. I came in with some Jewish ancestry also. I have no clue about that. Thanks for all the information about your family and Emilia-Romagna. I can't keep my ancestry straight anymore. I get such various accounts from family and genetically also. I normally come in Tuscan first. I'm having a hard time accounting for various northern European and Baltic results. It depends on recent or deep ancestry. One testing site does Caucasus and they did not have me there, only Tuscan and Greek. When I run my data through other programs the Tuscan/Northern Italian shows up as well as Greek and Caucasus. I think there may be things about my family I don't know and I've run into dead ends with research. I'm not sure you'll get this response. I've been having problem with my Google Account doing odd things. Thanks for the information. Very informative. Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-36175012760716779432014-01-02T06:06:34.776+02:002014-01-02T06:06:34.776+02:00Another, from Nov:
'Immune Gene' in Human...Another, from Nov:<br /><br />'Immune Gene' in Humans Inherited from Neanderthals, Study Suggests<br /><br />A research group at Bonn University and international collaborators discovered a novel receptor, which allows the immune system of modern humans to recognize dangerous invaders, and subsequently elicits an immune response. The blueprint for this advantageous structure was in addition identified in the genome of Neanderthals, hinting at its origin. The receptor provided these early humans with immunity against local diseases. The presence of this receptor in Europeans but its absence in early men suggests that it was inherited from Neanderthals.<br /><br />http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131122084405.htmapostateimpressionshttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08992369104954433139noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-42440284548599153222014-01-02T05:49:51.489+02:002014-01-02T05:49:51.489+02:00It seems that Neanderthals contributed genes that ...It seems that Neanderthals contributed genes that are still functional in some AMH, eg. for light adaptation.<br /><br />Science Daily, Dec 18<br /><br />quote:<br /><br />Are there any advantages to the retention of Neanderthal DNA that favors modern humans? In a new article published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, authors Jin, et. al., present evidence for the accumulation of a Neanderthal DNA region found on chromosome 3 that contains 18 genes, with several related to UV-light adaptation, including the Hyal2 gene. Their results reveal this region was positively selected and enriched in East Asians, ranging from up to 49 percent in Japanese to 66 percent in Southern Chinese.<br /><br />http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131218100229.htmapostateimpressionshttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08992369104954433139noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-20928160439958085592014-01-01T15:58:12.337+02:002014-01-01T15:58:12.337+02:00Jules, true, these Admixture calculators can't...Jules, true, these Admixture calculators can't distinguish between recent and deep ancestry. Moreover a component called „North European“ for instance doesn't necessarily imply ancestry from northern Europe, since even pre-neolithic Iberians were strongly „Northern European“. Italians are known to have a very multiethnic past with various tribes and languages being present in pre-Roman times. On the other hand, they didn't mix much with other peoples since then, as their low international IBD-sharing shows, so they were more or less in place since then. A good knowledge of ancient history and archeology is certainly useful to help interpreting the results of an admixture analysis. Personally I was also very interested in the analysis of my Italian ancestry, from the Emilia-Romagna region. My conclusion so far being that my grandfather from this region seems to be closest to the Bergamo sample, but with relatively little North European admixture and a tendency towards Semitic peoples that was quite mysterious to me at first. But now I see that he's just a little closer to the „Stuttgart“ Early European Farmer than the north Italians from Bergamo are – which conforms well to the comparatively low incidence of blond hair in the Emilia-Romagna. Apparently the Celtic impact in this region was quite modest. I also analyzed my East Prussian grandmother's DNA sample with great interest, especially with regards to the percentage of Old Prussian ancestry. The „oracles“ are very useful for such purposes, but they have to be used with caution as well. I estimate her Old Prussian ancestry to be about 25%, so it's definitely present, but not as high as I had anticipated. Another amazing example of a successful application of the admixture calculators is from a distant English cousin of mine who was told a „family legend“ about some Roma roots of one of her forebears. I immediately doubted her story. But then I ran her DNA sample through the Dodecad calculators and I noted a slightly, but appreciably elevated level of the South Asian component. I can only conclude that her family legend must be right. But always remember that the components of different calculators are not the same even when their name is the same. What a result in components means, is best assessed by comparing it to the percentage levels of other populations. And for this purpose there are the associated oracles.Simon_Whttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04454497745874406294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-15816596018935341392014-01-01T01:58:08.169+02:002014-01-01T01:58:08.169+02:00@Ken:the most polygynous place in Africa is Senega...@Ken:<i>the most polygynous place in Africa is Senegal, and it also has the darkest skinned population.</i><br /><br />That may be so, but it doesn't imply causation. According to my sources some the darkest populations in Africa are in Mozambique, Cameroon ,Namibia, Chad, Tanzania, Malawi, Nigeria and Zaire (<a href="javascript:void(0);" rel="nofollow">Dalton 2011</a>). There is some crossover, but on the whole there doesn't seem to be any significant correlation between polygyny and pigmentation based on those two sources. Tobushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05529220083970625733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-89161369114112366402013-12-31T14:10:32.575+02:002013-12-31T14:10:32.575+02:00@ Dienekes, with respect to the "Ancient huma...@ Dienekes, with respect to the "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" paper, do you think it would be practical to use the mean admixing proportions given to "recreate" the ANE, WE and EEF populations, as per your "zombie" ancestral North Indian and ancestral South Indian populations?<br /><br />http://dodecad.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/more-zombies-ancestral-north-indians.html<br /><br />Are there any statistical reasons why this would not be as valid?Matthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04517454865405705885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-55198862432901993662013-12-31T08:21:36.767+02:002013-12-31T08:21:36.767+02:00Hi Simon,
Okay, well, I was a little harsh there ...Hi Simon,<br /><br />Okay, well, I was a little harsh there about Gedmatch. I do understand that you can't always pull apart recent and deep ancestry. Geno 2.0 and 23andMe enlightened me there. I'll keep in mind what you said about the different programs. I ran my 23andMe data through Gedmatch. I read the blogs associated with these programs and some are detailed in explanation and others are not. I'll run the ones you mentioned again and check them against each other. Thanks much. Happy New Year to all.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-83764064479465319292013-12-31T06:30:11.339+02:002013-12-31T06:30:11.339+02:00Sorry for the multiple postings: trying to establi...Sorry for the multiple postings: trying to establish gmail and get send full information.<br /><br />With the Neanderthal genome now published, for the first time, scientists have a rich new resource of comparative evolution. For example, recently, scientists have shown that humans and Neanderthals once interbred, with the accumulation of elements of Neanderthal DNA found in up to 5 percent in modern humans. Scientist have found evidence of accumulation of a Neanderthal DNA region found on chromosome 3 that contains 18 genes, with several related to UV-light adaptation, including the Hyal2 gene. Their results reveal this region was positively selected and enriched in East Asians, ranging from up to 49 percent in Japanese to 66 percent in Southern Chinese.<br /><br />Neanderthal Introgression at Chromosome 3p21.31 was Under Positive Natural Selection in East Asians<br /><br />http://m.mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/12/13/molbev.mst260.abstractMichael J Hunterhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12746691541371805133noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-24030544834356068802013-12-30T21:01:11.089+02:002013-12-30T21:01:11.089+02:00Allow me, if I may, to quote "The intensity o...Allow me, if I may, to quote "The intensity of UVA was ∼3-fold less than the maximum level in solar radiation. Thus, the observed rates of photodegradation are so low that a meaningful physiological impact of UVA or UVB in sunlight on 5-MTHF in the absence of photosensitizers seems unlikely, especially taking into account the integrated exposure to solar UV over an entire day or season rather than the maximum level during the day." <a href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/21/9/2101.full" rel="nofollow">here</a>.<br /><br />(My comment:Solar UV does not cause folic acid deficiency or cause it to become mutagenic.)<br /><br />-----<br />"Powe and colleagues provide clear evidence that racial differences in serum 25-(OH)D are due to common genetic polymorphisms, and that bioavailable 25-(OH)D may be a better indicator for determining insufficiency. Thus, screening individuals for low vitamin D using the conventional serum 25-(OH)D measurement may lead to erroneous results." <a href="http://www.healio.com/endocrinology/bone-mineral-metabolism/news/online/%7B78f7e352-0f32-4dee-a90d-eb55632ca436%7D/race-genetics-explained-variations-in-25-hydroxyvitamin-d" rel="nofollow">here</a>.<br /><br />(My comment: Africans' dark skin does not interfere with vitamin D synthesis.)<br />---<br /><br />Tobias, the most polygynous place in Africa is Senegal, and it also has the darkest skinned population.Kenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/13456350025018661224noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-63756075230649331252013-12-30T13:21:33.923+02:002013-12-30T13:21:33.923+02:00Ken,
You are really grasping at straws, here. No...Ken,<br /><br />You are really grasping at straws, here. None of the studies you cited explain what we are are talking about, here, at any significant level.eurologisthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03440019181278830033noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-63909344379911353132013-12-30T13:03:52.442+02:002013-12-30T13:03:52.442+02:00Jules, the different admixture calculators at Gedm...Jules, the different admixture calculators at Gedmatch differ from each other because each project that created them used different population sets and varying numbers of components. That's why the components are not the same in every calculator. Also partly there were different methods used in the finding and definition of the components. But for instance Dodecad with its K12b and the Harappa Project arrived at very similar components, those from MDLP World-22 differ a little, obviously most of all because of the inclusion of ancient DNA. Eurogenes differs the most because of very high numbers of components and different methodolgy. It's far from being nonsense, but you have to bear the reasons for the differences in mind.Simon_Whttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04454497745874406294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-67521217848569662762013-12-30T10:49:57.078+02:002013-12-30T10:49:57.078+02:00I also think that Scandinavians and others inbred ...I also think that Scandinavians and others inbred for blue eyes. Estonians must really like blue eyes, since 98% of them have blue eyes.<br /><br />I think that brown eyes were the first eye mutation. Most of the world has such a deep dark brown, that it's almost black. Sub Saharan Africans and East Asians for the most part, are an example of having nearly black or heavily pigmented irises. <br /><br />The further away from the Black Sea, the darker the eyes. No one ever talks about light to medium brown eyes being a mutation of less melanin in the front of the iris. You can distinguish the pupil easily, unlike heavily pigmented nearly black eyes.<br /><br />East Asians have the light skin, but not the light eyes. At most, they picked up some lighter browns, but not a lot. No one talks about lighter skinned people who did not obtain lighter eyes.<br /><br />No one thinks about European Mediterraneans being hunter gathers that perhaps turned farmer. The basic deep genetics of Sardinia is a good example of this. <br /><br />Instead, we get the whole Anatolian story from so many genetic sites. I doubt hunter gathers were totally in northern Europe and I doubt that southern Europeans are only Anatolian mixed with European. Instead I'd like to see if we have an ancient southern European hunter gatherer component. <br /><br />I don't like Mediterranean as a group for southern Europeans. It leads people to faulty conclusions about southern Europeans, especially Italians. Having tested Italian and being extremely pale skinned, I can attest to the fact that we aren't all dark.<br /><br />Mediterranean gives the impression of being related to north Africa. I came in with a fraction of a percent of any kind of north African markers and zero sub Saharan. Also very little middle eastern. 5% at most. I ran my data through Gedmatch. <br /><br />I'm northern Italian and the variations on Gedmatch between the admixture programs were laughable. My genetics were European and Italian, but there were wild variations in my northern European component. <br /><br />2014 to me will be yet more confusion and I doubt we will get clarity. I found genetic testing sites and Gedmatch to be more like astrology than contributing any real answers; the reason being that the answers are too complex.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-43492200270326364932013-12-30T02:58:54.252+02:002013-12-30T02:58:54.252+02:00@Ken: Tobias, dark skin does not correlate with UV...@Ken: <i>Tobias, dark skin does not correlate with UV intensity even in Sub Saharan Africa (Bushmen of the Kalahari)</i><br /><br />I guess that depends on how you define "Dark skin". While there is certainly a wide range of pigmentation in Sub-Saharan Africa, "light-skinned" populations such as the San still have much darker skin than Europeans and East Asians, with reflectance levels comparable to the darkest South Asians.<br /><br />I agree that a UV-only theory is fairly weak and circumstantial, and the mono/poly-gamy angle is not one I'd encountered before, so thanks for the link.<br />Tobushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05529220083970625733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-57733289274929251542013-12-29T19:19:22.912+02:002013-12-29T19:19:22.912+02:00" dark skin has been under extremely high fun..." dark skin has been under extremely high functional constraint in the tropics and high-UV areas for hundreds of thousands of years"<br /><br />Tobias, dark skin does not correlate with UV intensity even in Sub Saharan Africa (Bushmen of the Kalahari). What it does correlate with is polygyny (and digit ratio). See <a href="http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(03)00082-5/abstract" rel="nofollow">here</a> In Africa the hunter-gatherers are brown not 'black'. I agree that dark skin protects against infection, but high testosterone, such as would be selected for in polygyny, is immunosuppressive.Kenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/13456350025018661224noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-45873540425863868172013-12-29T18:49:44.990+02:002013-12-29T18:49:44.990+02:00Eurologist, I'm afaid your first ref which co...Eurologist, I'm afaid your first ref which confidently asserts ("damage by UV for folic acid generation [sic])ref is in conflict with the second which says "direct photodegradation of folates may not be the mechanism of biological significance."<br /><br />Although '<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1011134413001176" rel="nofollow">IN</a> aqueous solutions, in blood and even in human skin, folic acid may be degraded by ultraviolet radiation', our ancestors they did not have 'Folic acid' in the blood (ie 'unmetabolized folic acid in serum', which is problematic for genome stability and overall health. See <a href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/65/6/1790.abstract?related-urls=yes&legid=ajcn;65/6/1790" rel="nofollow">here</a>. The form of folate that humans naturally have after ingesting food (as opposed to supplements) is methyltetrahydrofolate. Not only is it probably better for maintaining genomic stability, as the above lik says, it is not broken down by UV in the absence of photosensitizers. Jablonski and Chaplin staked their generalisations on psoriasis patients who had been treated with photosensitisers. As <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Ames" rel="nofollow">Bruce Ames</a> wrote <a href="http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/17341682/reload=0;jsessionid=mHij1SctBiLN0CfuGYvx.4" rel="nofollow">here</a> "These observations suggest a new role for reduced folate in protection from ultraviolet damage and have bearing on the hypothesis that folate photodegradation influenced the evolution of human skin color". <br /><br />The vitamin D side is even more clear cut. Confirming the (gold standard for medical advice) IoM report, a recent study found <a href="http://www.healio.com/endocrinology/bone-mineral-metabolism/news/online/%7B78f7e352-0f32-4dee-a90d-eb55632ca436%7D/race-genetics-explained-variations-in-25-hydroxyvitamin-d" rel="nofollow">Race, genetics explained variations in 25-hydroxyvitamin D</a>. It's got nothing to do with skin pigment, and so black Africans do not need extra vitamin D in north America or Europe. There is only one explanation left standing.Kenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/13456350025018661224noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-89749134342514558872013-12-29T09:29:42.510+02:002013-12-29T09:29:42.510+02:00"If the sun or ultra violet light really dest...<i>"If the sun or ultra violet light really destroyed appreciable amounts of folic acid there would be rather noticeable consequences from sunbathing and sunbed use. You see an epidemic of pernicious anemia and birth defects in sun worshipers?"</i><br /><br />Ken,<br />I don't understand your logic. That is exactly the reason why seasonally adjustable skin color developed. Also, the Vitamin D / folic acid balance is not <i>my</i> theory.<br />http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795437/<br />http://www.hormones.gr/703/article/article.htmleurologisthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03440019181278830033noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-21336358731061756172013-12-29T06:53:24.526+02:002013-12-29T06:53:24.526+02:00@Eurologist: As a result, some people get much dar...@Eurologist: <i>As a result, some people get much darker and much more easily so under the influence of UV exposure.</i><br /><br />This "environmental" darkening (ie tanning) is deliberately excluded when searching for cross-populatiation pigmentation genes by using unexposed skin when measuring skin "colour". From my understanding the ability to tan is the ancestral state and is common to all populations. It's only in low UV areas like northern Europe that the non-tanning (sunburn!) phenotype reaches any kind of significance, likely due to relaxed conditions as opposed to positive selection.... many southern European populations have retained the tanning ability while still being just as depigmented as in the north.<br /><br />@Ken: <i>If the sun or ultra violet light really destroyed appreciable amounts of folic acid there would be rather noticeable consequences from sunbathing and sunbed use</i> <br /><br />Any such problems in the modern era would be covered up by improved diet and medical treatment. One alternate theory is that the increased melanin provides an epidermal barrier to infection. Whatever the reason, it does seem that dark skin has been under extremely high functional constraint in the tropics and high-UV areas for hundreds of thousands of years. It could be argued that light skin results from a relaxation of this constraint combined with sexual selection as opposed to being a better low-UV phenotype in itself, especially given the existing sexual dimorphism in this regard in all populations.<br />Tobushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05529220083970625733noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-46919770566454645852013-12-29T02:45:34.698+02:002013-12-29T02:45:34.698+02:00Simon_W : thanks for the link. I’d forgotten that ...Simon_W : thanks for the link. I’d forgotten that find. 3000 bc in Germany is certainly interesting. It would be nice to find it in Spain around the same time or earlier however to consolidate its association with Bell Beaker.<br /><br />On the presence of R1b in the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, I think it is a great shame that the largest repository of ancient dna is not being examined and it’s links to the rest of the region studied. Egypt has become the elephant in the room when ancient populations are discussed: the most powerful culture anywhere close to Europe for 2,000 years and it is treated as though it is not there, either as a source of populations or sink. It’s the kind of blindness that can’t last.<br />Adrian Purcell Heathcotehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09676956502408423600noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-46335703938904452192013-12-29T00:56:41.920+02:002013-12-29T00:56:41.920+02:00"It is an incredible benefit to have seasonal..."It is an incredible benefit to have seasonally adjusting skin UV filtering, given that both vitamin D production and protection against folic acid loss must be optimized"<br /><br />1)If the sun or ultra violet light really destroyed appreciable amounts of folic acid there would be rather noticeable consequences from sunbathing and sunbed use. You see an epidemic of pernicious anemia and birth defects in sun worshipers?<br /><br />3)The origin of European skin lightening is too late for straight vitamin d at latitude to be the answer. Modern humans lived in north Europe during the Upper Pleistocene without light skin, as the de-pigmentation in Europe is dated at between <a href="http://evoandproud.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/when-europeans-turned-white.html" rel="nofollow">19,000 and 11,000 years ago</a>. <br /><br />3) White skin is dated before blue eyes and the mechanisms of sex recognition mean light skin would need to be there before blue eyes. See <a href="http://evoandproud.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/genderface-recognition-hue-and.html" rel="nofollow">here</a>.<br /><br />4)Farming having reduced dietary vitamin D sources, was supposed to have led to selection for lighter skin and maximizing of vitamin D synthesis for resistance to rickets, cancer and infectious diseases, in high latitudes. The evolution of light eye and hair coloration was still supposed to be a side effect of natural selection for vitamin D, but in farmers.<br /><br />The relevance of blue eyes being around in the European Mesolithic (ie pre-agriculture) is that is too long ago for an agriculture hypothesis. The only explanation for blue eyes that still makes sense is sexual selection.Kenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/13456350025018661224noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-89807335546327242462013-12-28T23:56:41.053+02:002013-12-28T23:56:41.053+02:00
The report that 19 of 3700 men had the same ydna ...<br />The report that 19 of 3700 men had the same ydna ancestors as Otzi gives one data point on current ydna probability versus 5000 years ago.<br /><br />http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24477038matthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14331613045178862418noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7785493.post-15683439484739567032013-12-28T21:52:33.341+02:002013-12-28T21:52:33.341+02:00Which specific papers show that, Dienekes ? Thanks...<i>Which specific papers show that, Dienekes ? Thanks</i><br /><br />The paper I link to in that bullet point.Dienekeshttps://www.blogger.com/profile/02082684850093948970noreply@blogger.com